No two people experience pain alike. What makes this scale unique is that it
allows you to create a personal scale using your own words to describe
how your pain feels to you and how well (or not) you are able to
function at each of the self-described levels.
Vocational counseling is an important component of the psychological approach to chronic pain. Each patient is evaluated to determine work history, educational background, vocation skills and abilities, and motivation to return to work.
The vocational counselor can determine whether past work skills and current aptitudes can be transferred to alternative occupations if necessary. The vocational counselor works with the patient regarding legal rights and obligations for each state such as workers’ compensation, and helps the patient set realistic vocational goals.
TENS at rates of 50 to 100 Hz produces analgesia that is not reversible by naloxone. Stimulation of large myelinated fibers presumably blocks nociceptive transmission at the level of the spinothalamic tract cell bodies.
TENS can produce neuromodulation by three routes: presynaptic inhibition of the spinal cord, direct inhibition on an excited, abnormally firing nerve, or restoration of afferent input.
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